Enumeration of Institutional and
Kibbutz

Populations and its
Computerization

Hagit Weiss

Planning and Evaluation Division

Tel. 972-2-655 3304

FAX 972-2-655 3531

This paper concerns the enumeration of two special sub-populations -- people living
in residential institutions -3% of the total population, and people living in kibbutzim -
2.2% of the total population . These were enumerated in a different way than the
rest of the population.

The purposes of this paper is first, to describe the enumeration method of these
populations, and second, to present the computerization of the institutions system and
enumeration and its benefits.

Firstly, we must define what we mean by 'institution' and 'kibbutz'.

An institution was defined for the purposes of the census as an administrative unit
regularly supplying overnight lodging services, and usually also food service, to
five if persons or more. It is enumerated as an institution, it is designed to
accommodate at least five persons, even if at the time of the census, there were
less then five persons accommodated in it. Examples are: old age homes, sheltered
housing, boarding schools, student dormitories, hotels, hospitals, and prisons. An
institution could be located in one or more buildings, in an entire locality, or even in
part of a building ('a mixed building').

A kibbutz is a collective rural locality where production, marketing and consumption
are organized on a cooperative basis.

A Few words about kibbutzim as this form of locality is not familiar to many.

Since the founding of the first kibbutz, Degania, in 1909, the kibbutz population has
constituted a minority of the Israeli population. In 1948, when the State of Israel
was established, there were 177 kibbutzim with a population numbering 54,200
persons, 7.9% of the population in Israel. By 1995, the number of kibbutzim had
grown to 270, their population to 123,900, but their proportion of the total
population had fallen to 2.2%.

The kibbutz life-style is based on cooperation and equality: the kibbutz's income is
distributed equally among members, regardless of the individual member's
contribution. The kibbutz takes responsibility for many elements of daily life that
elsewhere would be family functions, such as employment, education of the young,
and meals. Over recent years, some aspects of kibbutz life have become more like
the life style prevalent in outside society and responsibility for some functions has
been transferred from the collective to the individual family -- child-raising is one
of these. This is being partly accomplished by families being allocated a budget to
enable them to exercise choice in the given sphere. Nowadays, for example,
parents and children choose the type of education the children will have, not the
kibbutz; communal eating in the kibbutz dining hall is becoming less prevalent and

some kibbutz members are employed outside the kibbutz, their wages going into their
private bank account, not that of the kibbutz.

The patterns of accommodation of kibbutz members are different from the
population living in towns and villages. While kibbutz children live with their
parents ('family lodging') up to age 15 - until recently they would have slept in
communal children's' houses ('collective lodging'), children over age 15 move into
separate accommodation. Some will spend weekday nights in the dormitory at the
regional school serving a number of neighboring kibbutzim. At age 18, young
people do not only not live with their parents but acquire a changed status in the
kibbutz.

Thus, differences in life-style and accommodation patterns of the institutional and
kibbutz populations necessitated a modified enumeration methodology, as compared
with the methodology used for the rest of the population.

A similar method was used for both institutions and kibbutzim since, in both cases, a
list of residents is kept, by the institution office and by the kibbutz secretariat.
Enumerators could fill in the short forms and the first part of the long form from
these centrally-kept records, which were a ready source of demographic information
on these populations prior to enumeration.

The advantages of using administrative
information for enumeration of these
populations:


1.	The foremost advantage of enumeration from administrative information is that population coverage, at least as regards basic data of the institutional and kibbutz populations, is complete: there can be no refusals of individuals in these populations to supply information for the basic part of the questionnaire. Provision of this information for the questionnaires from central records by the institution offices and the kibbutz secretariats is required by law; a bulletin board notice is posted to notify respondents of the census, but permission is not required of individuals.
2.	Part of the institutional population is incapable of filling in forms independently or with the help of an enumerator (e.g. residents in nursing homes, and residents in psychiatric hospitals) -- this method of enumeration allows the filling in of questionnaires without troubling these residents.
3.	Enumerator output is greater. Kibbutz and institution enumerators filled out far more questionnaires than regular enumerators.
4.	Forms are filled in with greater accuracy and compliance with instructions.

This method of enumeration also has its
disadvantages:


1.	If the management of an institution refuses cooperation -- this happens mainly on religious grounds -- then the population of the entire institution is lost to the census, whereas an individual approach to each resident might have secured at least partial enumeration.
2.	Since the enumerator does not make a personal visit to each dwelling in the kibbutz or institution, no data can be gathered on dwelling type ('occupied', 'vacant', etc.), such as are gathered by the regular enumeration method.
3.	Some opposition was encountered, mainly from kibbutz members, to having questionnaires filled out concerning them without their permission being granted.

The Institutional Population and its Enumeration Procedures:

The population living in institutions was divided into two groups: residents and
staffpersons.

Residents are those who live in the institution, and utilize its lodging and other
services, e.g.


	residents of an old age home;
	students lodging in the dormitories;
	patients in psychiatric hospitals;
	inmates in prisons.

Residents were enumerated by one of two methods, depending on their form
of accommodation in the institution:



	Residents living as single persons: In the majority of institutions, residents live as single persons (i.e. not in households) and they were enumerated by a special census questionnaire adapted to their situation, one questionnaire per resident. As mentioned, the short questionnaire was filled in by the enumerator from central institution records, which the institution management had prepared in advance especially for the census. The long forms were filled in by 20% of adult residents. Part B of the long form, which relates to family living conditions was therefore irrelevant to the type of accommodation of residents of these institutions, and therefor was not included in their questionnaires. Examples of institutions where residents live as single persons are:
	rehabilitation hospitals (the residents are the patients);
	schools dormitories (the residents are the students);
	prisons (the residents are the prisoners).

	Residents living in a family setting (households): Residents of institutions who live in a family setting were, naturally, enumerated by regular questionnaires designed for households.
	Since the institutions concerned did not hold full demographic data on these families and since these residents were generally capable of filling in the questionnaires independently, they were filled in by the residents themselves. The enumerator used the institution's list of residents to prepare the questionnaires for filling in by the institutional households. The institution's census liaison person handled distribution of the questionnaires to the residents.
	Examples of institutions where residents live in family settings are:
	sheltered housing projects for the elderly;
	immigrant hostels;
	married student dormitories;
	guest-houses.

An institution's staffpersons have their permanent living quarters on institutional
premises and are employed by the institution in staff positions, such as matron,
instructor, doctor and nurse. People who are staffpersons and permanent residents
of an institution were enumerated as households even if they lived in the institution
as single persons. Staffpersons were enumerated using regular questionnaires, in
the same procedure as were enumerated institutional residents living in institutions in
family settings.

Which institutional residents were enumerated at the
institutions and which at other addresses?

The rule was that all residents not having another address in Israel were
enumerated at the institution.

In order to decide which residents who maintain a second address in Israel would be
enumerated at that address and which at the institution, institutions were divided into
two types by duration of residents' stay at the institution:

Long-term stay institutions, in which residents usually stay for long periods. All
residents of long-term stay institutions were enumerated at the institution even if they
had a second address in Israel, and regardless of how long they had actually lived
there.

For example: old age homes, school dormitories, psychiatric hospitals, student
dormitories, religious seminaries, prisons, convents or monasteries.

Temporary stay institutions, in which residents usually stay for short periods.
Generally, residents of temporary stay institutions were enumerated at the institution
only if the institution was their single or principle address. The majority of
residents were not enumerated at the institution, but at another address.

For example: hotels, general hospitals, detention centers.

Once it was ascertained which residents would be enumerated at the institution, their
membership in the census population was checked, and only those who satisfied the
relevant criteria were then enumerated at the institution.

**Population and its Enumeration Procedures:KibbutzThe**

The kibbutz population comprises a permanent sector, made up of members,
candidate-members, and their children, and a non-permanent sector, made up of
members' parents, soldiers, volunteers, students, new immigrants, and persons who
come to work for a short time but not as candidate-members.

All persons who lived there permanently and belonged to the census population were
enumerated on the kibbutz, whatever their kibbutz status.

The kibbutz population was enumerated by the regular questionnaire, as was the
greater part of the census population. However, as we noted above, the
accommodation pattern on a kibbutz differs from the accommodation pattern in
institutions and from the regular accommodation pattern (as households). With regular
enumeration, as with residents of institutions in family settings, all persons living in
one dwelling were usually enumerated on one questionnaire (as a single household).
In the kibbutz, since all members of a family do not necessarily live together, the
enumerator had to decide, with the assistance of the kibbutz liaison person, who to
include on the one questionnaire. The prior recording of the population, prepared
especially for the census at every kibbutz, was used in this effort. Once the
households had been assembled, the enumerator used the kibbutz records to fill out
the questionnaire's short part. Parts B and C of the long form were given to the
liaison person for distribution to 20% of the families for individual filling.

Table 1 in the Appendix summarizes the differences between regular enumeration
and institutions and kibbutz enumeration.

KibbutzPreparation of Framework for Institutional and
Population Enumeration

In order to prepare the framework for institutional and kibbutz enumeration, an
institutions and kibbutzim file was built. This file was based on the institutions and
kibbutzim file created after the 1983 census. Data from many 'Central Bureau of
Statistics and non-Bureau sources, such as government ministries with jurisdiction
over institutions and 'yellow pages', were added to this file. For each institution or
kibbutz, the file had data such as address, telephone number, the name of a liaison
person, and the number of its permanent residents. These data were then updated
with the institution or kibbutz itself. Table 2 of the Appendix shows a specimen
Computerized File Card for an Institution and all the categories of data included in
it. As part of checking the file, institutions that had ceased to exist or that did not
meet the census definition for an institution were deleted from the file, as were
multiple occurrences of the same institution.

Institutions were classified by the function they fill. The institutions file contains
old age homes, disabled persons hostels, student dormitories, guest houses, prisons,
etc. This classification allowed us to apply the appropriate enumeration method
(residents living as singles or in family settings). It was important to assign each
institution its appropriate classification so that data could eventually be published by
class of institution or by grouped classes.

Each single institution or kibbutz was defined as an Enumeration Area (EA) and
assigned, depending on its geographical location, to the appropriate institutional/
kibbutz section, and to a sub-region and region. Since institutional and kibbutz EAs
were of varying size, an enumerator might be allocated responsibility for a number
of them linked together as one 'enumeration packet'. These assignments were made
by the computerized enumeration system for institutions and kibbutzim.

The regular EA maps showed institutions and kibbutzim as places outside of the
responsibility of the regular enumeration system. Maps were also produced for
Institutional Sections.

KibbutzimExecution of Enumeration in Institutions and

Each region had an institutions and kibbutzim Coordinator in charge of all this
enumeration within his region. The coordinator receives his region's computerized
institutions and kibbutzim file from census Headquarters. His task was to update it,
and obtain missing institutional data, primarily by a series of telephone calls.
Institutions pre-designated as problematic would be visited by him in person. The
Coordinator issued advice and instruction to the institutional and kibbutz
supervisors and maintained overview over their work.

The coordinator passed the updated file to the supervisors. The file included
institutional data in their area of enumeration (institutions/ kibbutzim section)
arranged in advance into enumeration packets. It was then the supervisor's duty to
visit each EA, to prepare it for the arrival of its enumerator, to conduct a final
update of the file, and issue the enumerators their instructions.

Institutions and kibbutzim enumerators were responsible for the enumeration of all
the EAs in their enumeration packet. Their work was carried out in two stages: drop-
off stage and pick-up stage.

Drop-off stage: At this stage, it was at the institutions whose residents were
enumerated as singles that required the greatest enumerator effort, since it was the
enumerators who used the centrally prepared data lists to fill in the short forms
for the residents. Once this had been done, the long forms were given to the liaison
person for distribution to respondents in order to fill in the remainder themselves.

For residents in institutions enumerated using the households method and for
staffpersons in all types of institutions, the enumerator at this stage, would use
central institution records to prepare the questionnaires for individual filling. The
questionnaires were then given to the liaison person for distribution to the families.

In the kibbutzim, too, most enumerator effort was concentrated on the drop-off stage.
The enumerators used the prepared data lists to fill-in the short forms for the
families, as well as the first part of the long forms. The long forms were then
given to the liaison person for distribution to the families in order to fill in the
remainder themselves.

Pick-up Stage: At this stage, the enumerators would check the completed
questionnaires returned by the respondents via the liaison person and they would
complete the forms, if necessary, and fill in any missing data.

As in the regular enumeration, the data written by enumerators in their Enumeration
Report Books (ERBs) were keyed into the computerized ERBs, along with certain
variables from first pages of questionnaires.

The execution of the following actions were made possible by
the computerized system which supported the enumeration
process:


	Setting up the framework file of institutions and kibbutzim for enumeration;
	Updating institution and kibbutz data in the field;
	Adding institutions discovered during fieldwork;
	Deleting institutions records in the field ('non-existent' or 'does not meet census definition for institution');
	Generating reports during the course of the enumeration;
	Generating tables for regular and institutional enumerator's report books (see examples in Table 3 and 4 of the Appendix);
	Overview of the work of supervisors and enumerators;
	*Combining the institutions and kibbutz* system with the computerized ERB system** allowed the generation of reports used to monitor enumeration quality, coverage, and work progress (see examples in Table 5 of the Appendix);
	Execution of payments to institutional and kibbutz enumerators;

On completion of the census, the combined system of institutions and kibbutzim could
be exploited to generate detailed evaluation reports of enumeration procedures, e.g.
Institutions by Code, Function, Type, and Locality Reports; Deleted Institutions
records Report; New institutions Report; and Refusal Institutions Report. Similarly,
Summary reports, broken down in various ways, were generated, and were used to
prepare publications of the census Provisional Results

Enumeration of Institutional and Kibbutz

Populations and its Computerization

The advantages of using administrative information for enumeration of these populations:

This method of enumeration also has its disadvantages: